Risk of scarcity of monthly precipitation and streamflows in semiarid regions

نویسندگان

  • BONIFACIO FERNANDEZ
  • ANDRES VERGARA
  • Andres Vergara
چکیده

In semiarid regions, periods of one to several consecutive months of scarcity of precipitation or low flow rates in rivers and streams frequently occur. In these regions, scarce precipitation considerably affects grazing activities on rangelands, irrigation agriculture, and flora and fauna of surface stream environments. This paper is concerned with estimating probabilities of occurrence for such events and associated risks by using statistical information provided by monthly precipitation and streamflow series. Conventional return period and risk concepts as customarily used in hydrology are applied, and events of interest such as meteorological droughts are considered by using monthly precipitation as a time-related series of supply, thereafter addressing hydrological droughts in terms of streamflow supply. For these two kinds of events, periodic situations of time-independent phenomena are considered for the case of precipitation, with time-dependent phenomena considered for streamflows. The method is applied to the semiarid portion of Chile to calculate probabilities of occurrence of specific numbers of consecutive months with no significant precipitation, or flow rates insufficient to meet stream ecological needs. Analyse statistique du risque de sécheresse pluviométrique ou hydrologique à l'échelle pluri-mensuelle en région semi-aride Résumé Dans les régions semi-arides, il est fréquent d'observer des périodes de plusieurs mois consécutifs où les précipitations ou les débits des rivières sont faibles. En ce qui concerne les précipitations l'impact sur les activités pastorales est important alors qu'il affecte l'agriculture irriguée, la flore et la faune des rivières en ce qui concerne les débits. L'intérêt de cet article est de proposer une estimation de la probabilité d'occurrence ainsi que du risque associé à ce type d'événement; cette estimation est fondée sur l'information statistique contenue dans les séries de précipitations et de débits mensuels. Pour cela, on applique les idées classiques sur les temps de retour et le risque utilisées en hydrologie; on considère les événements à étudier comme étant d'une part les sécheresses météorologiques avec comme données la série chronologique des pluies mensuelles ou les sécheresses hydrologiques connues à partir des séries de débits mensuels. Les situations sont considérées comme indépendantes dans le cas des précipitations et dépendantes pour les débits. La méthode est appliquée pour calculer la probabilité d'occurrence de mois successifs sans précipitation ou de débits inférieurs aux besoins écologiques des rivières, dans la zone semi-aride du Chili.

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تاریخ انتشار 1998